You hook the scope up to the circuit and it will tell you graphically( if it's a graphic scope ) all about the wave of electricity that is passing thru the circuit. Modern oscilloscopes are pricey (several $1000) you can meter the same stuff much cheaper with a good multi-function electrical...
substrate could be crushed coral(aragonite) or sand. Both of these options should be at least "seeded" with live sand.Some reefers have no substrate.
The substrate in a reef tank requires no filtration, in fact it is part of the filteration for the set-up
I'm a commercial electrician and this is probably more than you wanted to know, but a MH ballast and a FLOUR ballast work exactly the same exept for one more part in the MH system (a capacitor that helps the lamp start). Basically the lamps (bulbs) in both systems require way more voltage to...