When i used to run halides i used to run 12/12, but ive heard people running them anywhere from 8-12 hrs or as low as 4 peak hours if running t5s as well.
I would run my 400w radium for 6hrs when my growth was the best. Insane growth. I think it's very dependent on the population of zoox within your SPS to determine the best pp length.
I have run my MHs with varying lengths of duration and never noticed a significant difference in color or growth running them longer than six hours, but as mentioned there are other contributing factors especially with SPS.....
depends on the entire light system. but 8-10 hrs should suffice. but it does depend of course, animals, your other lights, your system and the amount of import to export, etc.
Absolutely, a good quality ballast can make all the difference in the life span as well as the coloration of the bulb and many manufacturers recommend certain types to run their bulbs.