From what I have heard most reefers do not run carbon consantly, but only use it to polish their water occasionally or when there is a mass spawning, something dies, or something poisons the tank. In the 5 years that I have run a reef, i have never used carbon although there is an old container of it under the tank in case of emergency.
As far as the lifespan is concerned, I think that it would greatly depend on your flow through the carbon as well as the amount of DOCs and other detritus in the water column. Is there a specific reason why you are asking, or is this just curiousity?