You're right on the money about the parallel wiring - the 12V will then be constant across the circuit..
Caveat: Just because an adapter says 12V on it only means there's more than 3V and less than 20V. The ratings are generally meant when the adapter is running under the load they are designed for - if you have less of a current draw than the cell phone/whatever, the voltage can very possibly be higher
That said, your fans will run just fine at 14V, 15V, even 17V, though they'll be incredibly noisy and won't live as long. But wire 'em up and see what happens.
Check the current rating on the adapter - that's your total current the adapter can deliver. If your circuit tries to draw more, the voltage starts to collapse and you end up with a lower voltage and a bit more current. Adapters are funny that way - they'll also obviously run quite a bit hotter since you're pushing them hard.
If your fans are 170mA (I think that's the standard for 80mm 12V computer fans), as long as the adapter is rated at 700mA or higher, it's fine to use.