Just increase the flow in your tank if you can. A few extra powerheads will work. This will allow the fine particles to remain suspended and what ever filtration set up you have will do the trick. Or, do nothing and let the particles settle in the tank and then siphon what ever you see out.
Dont worry! Remember why you were putting carbon in there in the first place: to help remove toxins and aid filtration. Carbon particles will not hurt your tank. The grew look will go away on its own.
On the other hand, if you put fresh carbon without rinsing it at all (not your case based on what you wrote) I would then do several small water changes over the next two weeks.
I rinsed the carbon but not well enough. I dumped the last of the carbon into the filter bag. Unfortunately the dust on the bottom of the jar made it in.
I probably should place a filter sock or a sponge in my sump for now.