You just turn off the pump to stop water from flowing. Drill a hole in the main tank if you can; over the side u-tubes are much less reliable. A durso standpipe is a u-tube also, but it only exists to quiet the water flowing into the standpipe.
Try to do your plumbing using no float valves or check valves. Both yours are unecessary. A properly plumbed tank has no need for these, and they are ultimately just extra complications that can fail.
If one has an over flow (a separated compartment with holes at the top for water to enter), how then, does the water in the overflow compartment get down in to the sump?
The inside of the compartment has a hole drilled in its floor, or occasionally in the exterior wall of the tank. You could just leave it like that, but there would be a fair amount of splashing as the water falls over the bulkhead. Most people install a standpipe inside the overflow compartment to raise the water level in the compartment to lessen the splashing. The durso standpipe makes it quieter by eliminating "toilet" type gurgling.
understand that the Durso flowpipe is one way, what is another way to get the water from the main tank into the sump? Powerhead? Pump? What are the options?
Gravity is the only way! No pumping down. The two options are u-tube over the side (bad) or an internal overflow compartment with standpipe as I mentioned above (good). You also actually can drill a hole in the base of the tank and install a standpipe with no internal overflow. In this case the height of the standpipe controls the water level in the tank itself. I see this at fish stores sometimes- simpler but makes servicing more difficult.
The one place I would recommend valves is on the pipes directly before and after the pump. Not check valves or anything, just regular ball valves. That way when you have to remove the pump for servicing you won't have a flood from the sump. Thats probably the only place you need any valve.
Is your flow into the sump going only through the skimmer? You might want to split that lline as too much flow could be going through the skimmer for it to work properly. I guess that might be another place for a ball valve to control how much of the water goes into the skimmer.
Main points IMO: no float or check valves, and only one pump for circulation. - DC