The metabolisim of living organism affect water chemistry in two basic ways ,1.Gas exchange mostly oxygen and carbon dioxide and 2.Exchange of dissolved nutrients nitrogen ,phosphorus and a variety of micronutients.Animals release feces, plants lose parts and so on.They all excrete organic compounds such as ammonia .These processes use oxygen,release carbon dioxide and produce nutrients.In marine ecosystems oxygen is generally the most important of the two gases. Carbon dioxide CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid.
In water significantly affected by the activity of organisms much more carbon dioxide will be dissolved than oxygen. Carbon dioxide bicarbonate,carbonate,hydrogen and pH present in any given water mass is a function of the interaction of several chemicals equilibria:temperature,salinity and pressure.Conditions can be determined by testing for pH,ALK,CO2 etc. Sea water is strongly buffed for pH and generally ranges from 8.00-8.40.Because of the ions present ,great changes in carbon dioxide are necessary to affect a small change in pH although most marine organisms are particularly susceptable to small pH changes and in this respect the environmental status is crucial.
As sea water flow in over a reef driven by constant winds it pick up extra oxygen during the day because of excess photosythesis.At night the same water loses oxygen due to the respiration and with out photosythesis of both plant and animal this lowers pH levels.
A reef environment, pH ranges from about 8.10 -8.30 with early morning pH at about the lower end and late afternoon or early evening at the upper end of the range.